Visual Flight Rules Encounter with Instrument Meteorological Conditions: Cessna 208B Grand Caravan, N814GV; accident occurred April 11, 2018 near Atqasuk Edward Burnell Sr. Memorial Airport (PATQ), Atqasuk, Alaska

Post-accident photograph of N814GV.
National Transportation Safety Board

Post-accident photograph of N814GV.
National Transportation Safety Board

Post-accident photograph of N814GV.
National Transportation Safety Board

Post-accident photograph of N814GV.
National Transportation Safety Board

The National Transportation Safety Board did not travel to the scene of this accident.

Additional Participating Entities:
Federal Aviation Administration / Flight Standards District Office; Anchorage, Alaska
Honeywell Aerospace; Phoenix, Arizona
Ravn Alaska; Anchorage, Alaska
Textron Aviation; Wichita, Kansas
Hartzell Propeller; Piqua, Ohio

Aviation Accident Factual Report - National Transportation Safety Board: https://app.ntsb.gov/pdf

Investigation Docket - National Transportation Safety Board: https://dms.ntsb.gov/pubdms

https://registry.faa.gov/N814GV 

Location: Atqasuk, AK
Accident Number: ANC18LA031
Date & Time: 04/11/2018, 0818 AKD
Registration: N814GV
Aircraft: CESSNA 208B
Aircraft Damage: Substantial
Defining Event: VFR encounter with IMC
Injuries: 1 Minor
Flight Conducted Under: Part 135: Air Taxi & Commuter - Non-scheduled 

HISTORY OF FLIGHT

On April 11, 2018, about 0818 Alaska daylight time, a single-engine, turbine-powered Cessna 208B airplane, N814GV, impacted snow-covered terrain about 2 miles north of the Atqasuk Airport (PATQ), Atqasuk, Alaska. The airline transport pilot sustained minor injuries, and the airplane sustained substantial damage. The airplane was being operated by Hageland Aviation Services, Inc., dba Ravn Connect, Anchorage, Alaska, as a visual flight rules (VFR) commuter flight under 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 135. Visual meteorological conditions (VMC) existed at the flight's point of departure, and company flight-following procedures were in effect. The flight departed about 0759 from the Utqiagvik (formerly Barrow) Airport (PABR), Utqiagvik Alaska, and it was destined for PATQ.

Utqiagvik and Atqasuk are about 58 miles apart, and the area between the towns is remote, flat, featureless, tundra-covered terrain, which is snow-covered in April.

The director of safety for the company stated that the purpose of the flight was to transport a load of U.S. Postal Service mail to Atqasuk. The accident pilot said that he departed from Utqiagvik with about 1,500 pounds of mail on board. He noted that weather conditions at the time of departure were clear skies, 9 miles visibility, and a light wind. After takeoff, the airplane climbed to 2,500 feet mean sea level (msl) and proceeded southbound toward Atqasuk.

The pilot said that as the airplane neared Atqasuk, he descended to about 1,500 feet msl with the autopilot engaged and then noticed an area of low fog around Atqasuk. He said that when the airplane was about 2 miles from the airport, he heard the audible autopilot disengagement annunciator tone sound, which was immediately followed by the pilot's control column pitching forward. The pilot said that he was unable to pull the control column back, and the airplane subsequently descended into instrument meteorological conditions. He said that the airplane continued to descend into the fog, before impacting the snow-covered tundra and nosing over. The pilot stated that he recalled "having the yoke back, the plane recovering, but impacting the ground before fully recovered."

During a later interview, the pilot stated that after descending from 2,500 ft to 1,500 ft, he lost sight of Atqasuk and decided to turn toward the initial approach fix for the RNAV runway 6 approach into PATQ "not to initiate the approach, but to set myself up for the approach in a way that I was going to get a pop-up clearance for the approach, either from center or from Barrow Flight Service…as a relay through them." He remembered hearing an audible tone indicating the autopilot had disconnected. He said that shortly thereafter, the airplane began an uncommanded descent. He said he felt resistance on the control wheel while trying to recover. He did not recall the control wheel pitching forward at all during the descent. He further stated that he could not recall if he heard a Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) alert at any point.

When asked about the decision to get a clearance, he stated that he knew he would have to climb back up as the initial approach fix requires the airplane be at 2,000 ft. However, he added that in order to get a clearance, the minimum altitude for radio communication would be about 3,000 ft.

In a follow-up interview, the pilot stated that after being level at 1,500 ft he remembered hearing what he believed was the autopilot disconnect tone, followed by the airplane entering a "strong descent." He said "[t]he control wheel definitely went forward." He said that he remembered pulling on the control wheel and thought he had leveled off, but then the airplane impacted the terrain.

PERSONNEL INFORMATION

The pilot, age 60, held an airline transport pilot certificate with a multi-engine land rating and commercial pilot privileges for single-engine land airplanes. His most recent first-class Federal Aviation Administration medical certificate was issued on May 23, 2017 and was not valid for any class after May 31, 2018.

The pilot's personal logbooks were not obtained; however, the operator provided the following hours of flight experience for the pilot: 7,713 total hours, including 7,193 hours in single-engine airplanes; 230 hours in the Cessna 208 in the previous 90 days; 90 hours in the previous 30 days; and 5 hours in the previous 24 hours. His most recent pilot competency check conducted in accordance with 14 CFR 135.293 was completed on November 12, 2017.

AIRCRAFT INFORMATION

The accident airplane was manufactured in 2002. At the time of the most recent approved aircraft inspection program (AAIP) inspection on February 25, 2018, the airplane had a total time in service of 9,778.2 flight hours. At the time of the accident, the airplane had accrued 168 flight hours since the AAIP inspection.

The airplane was equipped with a Pratt and Whitney PT6A-114 turboprop engine rated at 675 horsepower. The engine had a total time in service of 3,950 hours.

The airplane was equipped with a Bendix/King (now Honeywell) KFC 225 automatic flight control system (AFCS). The system provided pitch, roll, and yaw damper control using gyros, servos, and an autopilot computer. The KC 225 flight computer provided pitch and roll guidance output commands to the pitch, roll, yaw, and trim servos. A total of 17 flight control components were removed from the airplane for testing postaccident.

The airplane was also equipped with a Honeywell KGP 560 general aviation enhanced ground proximity warning system (EGPWS) and automatic surveillance dependent-broadcast (ADS-B) "in and out" equipment.

METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION

At 0753, PABR reported wind from 030° at 9 knots, visibility 9 statute miles (sm), sky clear under 12,000 ft, temperature -14°C, dew point -16°C, and an altimeter setting of 29.66 inches of mercury.

When the accident airplane departed PABR at 0759, an available METAR at PATQ was reporting wind from 340° at 5 knots, visibility 1 ¾ sm, in light snow and mist, temperature -19°C, dew point -21°C, and an altimeter setting of 29.65 inches of mercury. At 0818, PATQ reported wind from 340° at 4 knots, 3/4 mile visibility, light snow, mist, temperature -19° C, dew point -21°C, and an altimeter setting of 29.64 inches of mercury. Between 0730 and 0759, the visibility decreased from 7 sm to 1 ¾ sm at PATQ.

A North Slope Borough Search and Rescue helicopter pilot reported that, while en route from Utqiagvik to the accident site, he encountered ice fog, reduced visibility, and flat light conditions that made it difficult to discern topographical features on the snow-covered tundra. He noted that as the flight continued, both pilots noticed ice beginning to accumulate on the helicopter's windscreen, so the decision was made to abort the search and rescue flight, and the helicopter returned to Utqiagvik.

Beginning on March 19, 2018, the FAA noted that the local Atqasuk "Service A" (the telecommunications service (circuit) via which weather observations are disseminated from the PATQ AWOS) was inoperative during the days leading up to and including the accident day, which affected long-line dissemination of the PATQ AWOS observations and the Atqasuk FAA weather camera imagery. The FAA indicated that both VHF and telephone transmissions from the PATQ AWOS had been "serviceable." Review of historical PATQ weather observations revealed that the last observation disseminated longline to the public prior to the accident occurred at 1040 AKDT on March 18, 2018. A Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) that advised of the PATQ AWOS ceilometer being out of service was active between April 3, 2018, and April 21, 2018. This issue was first noted by the FAA on December 26, 2017. According to the FAA, there were no requirements to issue NOTAMs for Service A or FAA weather camera outages. Review of historical PATQ weather observations revealed that the last sky condition observation disseminated longline to the public before the accident occurred at 2145 on December 25, 2017. For additional weather information, see the weather study in the public docket for this accident.

The pilot stated that he checked the AWOS for updated weather as he was about 15 minutes from PATQ and the weather was reporting 7 miles visibility. In the 18 minutes before the accident, from 0800 until 0818, the visibility reported by the AWOS was never greater than 1 ¾ sm.

WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION

The airplane impacted the snow-covered tundra in a nose-low attitude before flipping and coming to rest inverted. The airplane sustained substantial damage to the fuselage, vertical stabilizer and rudder. The cockpit area was intact with the floorboards buckled upward and the glass broken. The instrument panel was slightly buckled outward. The right control column was missing, and the left control column was fractured at the base and the switch cap separated into two pieces. The top half of the vertical stabilizer was bent to the left and the rudder was completely buckled. The horizontal stabilizers sustained minor damage. The elevators could not be moved due to impact damage.

Flight control continuity was established from the cockpit to the ailerons, elevators, and the rudder rear bell crank. The autopilot bridle cables were attached and secure around the capstans. All bridle cables were in place and secured to their associated bell cranks. The pitch, roll, yaw, and pitch trim servos and capstans were removed and all had freedom of rotation. The flaps were secure in the full-up position. The elevator trim actuators each measured about 1.95 inches, which correlates to a 0° deflection (neutral position).

MEDICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Postaccident Department of Transportation urine drug testing was negative for urinary metabolites of drugs of abuse.

The pilot stated in an interview that he received a "very slight bump" on the left top back of his head during the impact. He said he had no recollection of when he hit his head or what he may have hit. He stated that there was no period where he was unconscious.

Emergency room records from about 8 hours after the accident documented that the pilot was alert and awake and had suffered minor abrasions. The pilot denied loss of consciousness as a result of the accident. Other than superficial abrasions, the examination found no abnormalities. Specifically, the record documented normal mental activity and speech.

TEST AND RESEARCH

KFC 225 Automatic Flight Control System

The accident airplane's autopilot components were removed from the airplane and examined, tested, and downloaded at the manufacturer's facility. When power was applied, the autopilot system components passed the autopilot preflight test. The autopilot was engaged/disengaged without faults and the servo operation functioned properly. No error codes were generated.

When power was first applied, the flight computer indicator displayed 2,500 ft as the last selected altitude stored in the configuration module. Additionally, there were no logged errors between power cycle 63 and 89 (the accident power cycle) and there were no recorded error events between power cycles 33 and 89.

Of the flight control components removed and tested, no pre-impact malfunctions or anomalies were found that would have precluded normal operation. For additional information regarding the testing of the flight control system components, please see the airworthiness factual report in the public docket for this accident.

Aircraft Performance Study

The airplane's EGPWS unit was downloaded on May 2, 2018, at the Honeywell facility in Redmond, Washington. Multiple terrain-proximity alerts were generated shortly before the airplane impacted the ground, which triggered the system to retain 24 seconds of GPS-based speed and position information in its non-volatile memory before the loss of power to the unit. This information, together with ADS-B data was used to conduct an aircraft performance study.

The airplane departed PABR runway 7 about 0759, turned right to a ground track of about 196° (true), and climbed to about 2,300 ft msl. About 0817:00, the airplane started a descent from 2,300 ft, and a few seconds later made a slight right turn to a ground track of about 216°. The last ADS-B transmission from the airplane was at 0818:27.8, when the airplane was descending through 850 ft msl about 260 ft per minute (fpm), at a groundspeed of 168 knots, and turning slightly right through 220°.

The first EGPWS data point was recorded at 0818:55.8 as the airplane was descending through 504 ft msl at 687 fpm; the groundspeed was 159 knots and the ground track was 241°. At 0819:00, the airplane started to roll right as it descended through 400 ft msl at 500 fpm. It reached a computed roll angle of about 29° 11 seconds later. Following a brief roll rate reversal, the roll angle increased to about 33° at 0819:17, and the ground track turned right to 276°. Shortly after, the descent rate increased, reaching about 2300 fpm at 0819:18. The EGPWS-recorded final track direction was 289°.

At 0819:15.8, the first of three EGPWS alerts was triggered. This was a "Mode 1 Pull Up" alert and would have resulted in an aural "pull up!" warning in the cockpit. Two additional EGPWS alerts were triggered at 0819:16.8 and 0819:18.8, consisting of "TCF Too Low Terrain" and "TAD Terrain Pull Up" alerts. These alerts would have resulted in aural "too low, terrain!" and "terrain, pull up!" warnings. Between 0819:18.8 and the last EGPWS data point recorded at 0819:19.8, the recorded rate of descent decreased from 2300 fpm to 1460 fpm. The GPS altitudes recorded at these points were 132 and 82 ft msl, respectively. The last recorded groundspeed was 158.5 knots.

The performance study indicated a continuous descent from about 2,500 ft msl to the last data point about 12ft above the surface. (See figure 1.)

Figure 1. Airplane performance chart during last 3 minutes of flight. 

The pilot stated that he did not recall hearing the EGPWS warnings. For additional information please see the aircraft performance study located in the public docket.

Pilot Information

Certificate: Airline Transport
Age: 60, Male
Airplane Rating(s): Multi-engine Land; Single-engine Land
Seat Occupied: Left
Other Aircraft Rating(s): None
Restraint Used:
Instrument Rating(s): None
Second Pilot Present: No
Instructor Rating(s): None
Toxicology Performed: No
Medical Certification: Class 1 With Waivers/Limitations
Last FAA Medical Exam: 05/23/2017
Occupational Pilot: Yes
Last Flight Review or Equivalent: 11/12/2017
Flight Time:  7713 hours (Total, all aircraft), 7628 hours (Pilot In Command, all aircraft), 230 hours (Last 90 days, all aircraft), 90 hours (Last 30 days, all aircraft), 5 hours (Last 24 hours, all aircraft) 

Aircraft and Owner/Operator Information

Aircraft Make: CESSNA
Registration: N814GV
Model/Series: 208B
Aircraft Category: Airplane
Year of Manufacture: 2002
Amateur Built: No
Airworthiness Certificate: Normal
Serial Number: 208B0958
Landing Gear Type: Tricycle
Seats: 8
Date/Type of Last Inspection: 02/25/2018, Condition
Certified Max Gross Wt.: 9062 lbs
Time Since Last Inspection: 168 Hours
Engines: 1 Turbo Prop
Airframe Total Time: 9778.2 Hours as of last inspection
Engine Manufacturer: P&W CANADA
ELT: C126 installed, not activated
Engine Model/Series: PT6A-114A
Registered Owner: ICECAP LLC TRUSTEE
Rated Power: 675 hp
Operator: HAGELAND AVIATION SERVICES INC
Operating Certificate(s) Held: Commuter Air Carrier (135); On-demand Air Taxi (135)
Operator Does Business As: Ravn Connect
Operator Designator Code: EPUA

Meteorological Information and Flight Plan

Conditions at Accident Site: Unknown
Condition of Light: Day
Observation Facility, Elevation: PABR
Distance from Accident Site: 58 Nautical Miles
Observation Time: 0753 ADT
Direction from Accident Site: 360°
Lowest Cloud Condition: Clear
Visibility:  9 Miles
Lowest Ceiling: None
Visibility (RVR):
Wind Speed/Gusts: 9 knots /
Turbulence Type Forecast/Actual:
Wind Direction: 30°
Turbulence Severity Forecast/Actual:
Altimeter Setting: 29.66 inches Hg
Temperature/Dew Point: -14°C / -16°C
Precipitation and Obscuration: Unknown Precipitation; Moderate - In the Vicinity - Low Drifting - Fog
Departure Point: Utqiagvik, AK (PABR)
Type of Flight Plan Filed: Company VFR
Destination: Atqasuk, AK (ATK)
Type of Clearance: None
Departure Time: 0758 ADT
Type of Airspace: Class E

Airport Information

Airport: ATQASUK EDWARD BURNELL SR MEMO (ATK)
Runway Surface Type: Snow
Airport Elevation: 101 ft
Runway Surface Condition: Unknown
Runway Used: N/A
IFR Approach: None
Runway Length/Width:
VFR Approach/Landing: Unknown 

Wreckage and Impact Information

Crew Injuries: 1 Minor
Aircraft Damage: Substantial
Passenger Injuries: N/A
Aircraft Fire: None
Ground Injuries: N/A
Aircraft Explosion: None
Total Injuries: 1 Minor
Latitude, Longitude: 70.489722, -157.504722 (est)